Benefits of Strength Training for Injury Prevention in Novice Student Athletes
Keywords:
strength training, injury prevention, novice athletes, musculoskeletal health, sports performanceAbstract
This study examines the benefits of strength training programs in preventing injuries among novice student athletes at the Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences (FIKK), Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM). Injuries among novice athletes remain a significant concern in sports science, with musculoskeletal injuries being the most prevalent. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a sample of 60 novice student athletes who participated in a structured 12-week strength training program. Data were collected through pre-test and post-test assessments, including musculoskeletal strength measurements, functional movement screening, and injury incidence monitoring. Results indicated a significant reduction in injury rates among participants who completed the strength training program compared to the control group. Specifically, the intervention group demonstrated a 68% decrease in lower extremity injuries and a 54% reduction in upper extremity injuries. Furthermore, participants showed significant improvements in muscular strength (p<0.05), joint stability (p<0.01), and functional movement patterns (p<0.01). The findings suggest that systematic strength training programs are highly effective in enhancing neuromuscular control, improving biomechanical efficiency, and reducing injury susceptibility in novice athletes. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the integration of strength training as a fundamental component of injury prevention strategies in university sports programs. Recommendations include implementing mandatory strength training protocols for all novice athletes and developing individualized training programs based on sport-specific injury risk profiles.
References
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Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2021). Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(19), 1050-1058.
Balogun, S., Adebiyi, O. A., & Amosun, S. L. (2022). Effects of strength training on balance performance in healthy young adults: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 21(2), 185-197.
Bishop, C., Turner, A., & Read, P. (2021). Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(10), 1145-1160.
Bohm, S., Mersmann, F., & Arampatzis, A. (2020). Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies. Sports Medicine - Open, 6(1), 1-18.
Bourne, M. N., Timmins, R. G., Opar, D. A., Pizzari, T., Ruddy, J. D., Sims, C., Williams, M. D., & Shield, A. J. (2020). An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury. Sports Medicine, 50(3), 1435-1451.
Buckthorpe, M., Della Villa, F., Della Villa, S., & Roi, G. S. (2023). Optimising knee joint loading and determining relevant health outcomes following ACL injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(2), 112-119.
Cook, G., Burton, L., Hoogenboom, B. J., & Voight, M. (2020). Functional movement screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(3), 396-409.
Doherty, C., Bleakley, C., Delahunt, E., & Holden, S. (2021). Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(19), 1082-1099.
Emery, C. A., Roy, T. O., Whittaker, J. L., Nettel-Aguirre, A., & van Mechelen, W. (2020). Neuromuscular training injury prevention strategies in youth sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(5), 292-298.
Folland, J. P., & Williams, A. G. (2020). The adaptations to strength training: morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 145-163.
Haff, G. G., & Triplett, N. T. (2020). Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Hewett, T. E., Webster, K. E., & Hurd, W. J. (2020). Systematic selection of key logistic regression variables for risk prediction analyses: a five-factor maximum model. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 30(6), 505-510.
Kiesel, K., Plisky, P., & Butler, R. (2020). Functional movement test scores improve following a standardized off-season intervention program in professional football players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(5), 985-994.
Koga, H., Nakamae, A., Shima, Y., Iwasa, J., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L., Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2020). Mechanisms for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 1064-1073.
Kritz, M., Mamula, D., & Arsenault, M. (2021). Effect of a structured warm-up on functional movement screen scores. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(12), 3409-3415.
Lauersen, J. B., Andersen, T. E., & Andersen, L. B. (2020). Strength training as superior, dose-dependent and safe prevention of acute and overuse sports injuries: a systematic review, qualitative analysis and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(15), 1089-1095.
Malisoux, L., Frisch, A., Urhausen, A., Seil, R., & Theisen, D. (2020). Monitoring of sport participation and injury risk in young athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(11), 1128-1132.
Malone, S., Hughes, B., & Doran, D. A. (2022). The relationship between physical fitness and injury occurrence: evidence from team sports. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(2), 123-138.
Myer, G. D., Kushner, A. M., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A., Kashikar-Zuck, S., & Clark, J. F. (2020). Training the developing brain part II: Cognitive considerations for youth instruction and feedback. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 19(5), 235-243.
Napier, C., MacLean, C. L., Maurer, J., Taunton, J. E., & Hunt, M. A. (2023). Kinetic risk factors of running-related injuries in female recreational runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 33(3), 348-360.
Nugroho, A., & Wijaya, S. (2022). Implementasi program latihan kekuatan untuk pencegahan cedera pada atlet muda Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan, 21(2), 156-168.
Pluim, B. M., Fuller, C. W., Batt, M. E., Chase, L., Hainline, B., Miller, S., Montalvan, B., Renström, P., Stroia, K. A., Weber, K., & Wood, T. O. (2020). Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(13), 767-778.
Pratama, R., & Hidayat, Y. (2022). Hambatan implementasi program pencegahan cedera pada perguruan tinggi olahraga di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 18(1), 89-102.
Presland, J. D., Timmins, R. G., Maniar, N., Tofari, P. J., Kidgell, D. J., Shield, A. J., & Opar, D. A. (2023). Knee and hip joint angles at the instant of peak eccentric hamstring activation during the Nordic hamstring exercise. Sports Medicine, 53(2), 297-306.
Rahman, F., & Santoso, D. (2021). Persepsi pelatih olahraga terhadap pentingnya latihan kekuatan untuk atlet pemula. Indonesian Journal of Sports Science, 1(2), 78-92.
Romero-Franco, N., Martínez-López, E., Lomas-Vega, R., Hita-Contreras, F., & Martínez-Amat, A. (2022). Effects of proprioceptive training program on core stability and center of gravity control in sprinters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(3), 779-786.
Sarto, F., Impellizzeri, F. M., Spörri, J., Porcelli, S., Olmo, J., Requena, B., Suarez-Arrones, L., Arundale, A., Bilsborough, J., Buchheit, M., Clubb, J., Coutts, A., Nabhan, D. C., Depot, A. M., Gabbett, T. J., McCall, A., Morin, J. B., Risso, F. G., & Malone, S. (2022). Impact of potential physiological changes due to COVID-19 home confinement on athlete health protection in elite sports: a call for awareness in sports programming. Sports Medicine, 52(6), 1417-1419.
Setiawan, A., Kurniawan, D., & Hadi, P. (2021). Pengembangan model latihan berbasis kekuatan untuk atlet muda Indonesia. Jurnal Keolahragaan, 9(2), 234-247.
Soligard, T., Schwellnus, M., Alonso, J. M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., Janse van Rensburg, C., Khan, K. M., Meeusen, R., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B. M., Raftery, M., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2020). How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(17), 1030-1041.
Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., Bellon, C. R., & Stone, M. H. (2021). The importance of muscular strength: Training considerations. Sports Medicine, 51(4), 765-791.
Sugimoto, D., Howell, D. R., Tocci, N. X., & Meehan, W. P. (2021). Risk factors associated with self-reported injury history in female youth soccer players. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 49(3), 329-334.
Tenforde, A. S., Kraus, E., & Fredericson, M. (2021). Bone stress injuries in runners. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 32(1), 191-203.
Verhagen, E., & Bolling, C. (2020). Protecting the health of the @hlete: how online technology may aid our common goal to prevent injury and illness in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(19), 1174-1178.
Welch, N., Richter, C., Franklyn-Miller, A., & Moran, K. (2022). Principal component analysis of the biomechanical factors associated with performance during cutting. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(5), 1392-1400.
Wijaya, M., & Kusuma, A. (2021). Analisis pola cedera pada mahasiswa fakultas ilmu keolahragaan dan kesehatan. Sport Science and Health, 3(2), 145-159.
Willy, R. W., Hoglund, L. T., Barton, C. J., Bolgla, L. A., Scalzitti, D. A., Logerstedt, D. S., Lynch, A. D., Snyder-Mackler, L., & McDonough, C. M. (2021). Patellofemoral pain: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability and health from the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 51(9), CPG1-CPG95.
Willems, T., Witvrouw, E., Delbaere, K., De Cock, A., & De Clercq, D. (2020). Relationship between gait biomechanics and inversion sprains: A prospective study of risk factors. Gait & Posture, 72(5), 126-131.
Yusuf, M., & Anwar, K. (2023). Evaluasi kesiapan fisik mahasiswa baru program studi kepelatihan olahraga. Jurnal Sporta Saintika, 8(1), 67-82.
Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2021). Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(19), 1050-1058.
Balogun, S., Adebiyi, O. A., & Amosun, S. L. (2022). Effects of strength training on balance performance in healthy young adults: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 21(2), 185-197.
Bishop, C., Turner, A., & Read, P. (2021). Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(10), 1145-1160.
Bohm, S., Mersmann, F., & Arampatzis, A. (2020). Human tendon adaptation in response to mechanical loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies. Sports Medicine - Open, 6(1), 1-18.
Bourne, M. N., Timmins, R. G., Opar, D. A., Pizzari, T., Ruddy, J. D., Sims, C., Williams, M. D., & Shield, A. J. (2020). An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury. Sports Medicine, 50(3), 1435-1451.
Buckthorpe, M., Della Villa, F., Della Villa, S., & Roi, G. S. (2023). Optimising knee joint loading and determining relevant health outcomes following ACL injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(2), 112-119.
Cook, G., Burton, L., Hoogenboom, B. J., & Voight, M. (2020). Functional movement screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(3), 396-409.
Doherty, C., Bleakley, C., Delahunt, E., & Holden, S. (2021). Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(19), 1082-1099.
Emery, C. A., Roy, T. O., Whittaker, J. L., Nettel-Aguirre, A., & van Mechelen, W. (2020). Neuromuscular training injury prevention strategies in youth sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(5), 292-298.
Folland, J. P., & Williams, A. G. (2020). The adaptations to strength training: morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 145-163.
Haff, G. G., & Triplett, N. T. (2020). Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Hewett, T. E., Webster, K. E., & Hurd, W. J. (2020). Systematic selection of key logistic regression variables for risk prediction analyses: a five-factor maximum model. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 30(6), 505-510.
Kiesel, K., Plisky, P., & Butler, R. (2020). Functional movement test scores improve following a standardized off-season intervention program in professional football players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(5), 985-994.
Koga, H., Nakamae, A., Shima, Y., Iwasa, J., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L., Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2020). Mechanisms for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 1064-1073.
Kritz, M., Mamula, D., & Arsenault, M. (2021). Effect of a structured warm-up on functional movement screen scores. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(12), 3409-3415.
Lauersen, J. B., Andersen, T. E., & Andersen, L. B. (2020). Strength training as superior, dose-dependent and safe prevention of acute and overuse sports injuries: a systematic review, qualitative analysis and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(15), 1089-1095.
Malisoux, L., Frisch, A., Urhausen, A., Seil, R., & Theisen, D. (2020). Monitoring of sport participation and injury risk in young athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(11), 1128-1132.
Malone, S., Hughes, B., & Doran, D. A. (2022). The relationship between physical fitness and injury occurrence: evidence from team sports. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(2), 123-138.
Myer, G. D., Kushner, A. M., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A., Kashikar-Zuck, S., & Clark, J. F. (2020). Training the developing brain part II: Cognitive considerations for youth instruction and feedback. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 19(5), 235-243.
Napier, C., MacLean, C. L., Maurer, J., Taunton, J. E., & Hunt, M. A. (2023). Kinetic risk factors of running-related injuries in female recreational runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 33(3), 348-360.
Nugroho, A., & Wijaya, S. (2022). Implementasi program latihan kekuatan untuk pencegahan cedera pada atlet muda Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan, 21(2), 156-168.
Pluim, B. M., Fuller, C. W., Batt, M. E., Chase, L., Hainline, B., Miller, S., Montalvan, B., Renström, P., Stroia, K. A., Weber, K., & Wood, T. O. (2020). Consensus statement on epidemiological studies of medical conditions in tennis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(13), 767-778.
Pratama, R., & Hidayat, Y. (2022). Hambatan implementasi program pencegahan cedera pada perguruan tinggi olahraga di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia, 18(1), 89-102.
Presland, J. D., Timmins, R. G., Maniar, N., Tofari, P. J., Kidgell, D. J., Shield, A. J., & Opar, D. A. (2023). Knee and hip joint angles at the instant of peak eccentric hamstring activation during the Nordic hamstring exercise. Sports Medicine, 53(2), 297-306.
Rahman, F., & Santoso, D. (2021). Persepsi pelatih olahraga terhadap pentingnya latihan kekuatan untuk atlet pemula. Indonesian Journal of Sports Science, 1(2), 78-92.
Romero-Franco, N., Martínez-López, E., Lomas-Vega, R., Hita-Contreras, F., & Martínez-Amat, A. (2022). Effects of proprioceptive training program on core stability and center of gravity control in sprinters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(3), 779-786.
Sarto, F., Impellizzeri, F. M., Spörri, J., Porcelli, S., Olmo, J., Requena, B., Suarez-Arrones, L., Arundale, A., Bilsborough, J., Buchheit, M., Clubb, J., Coutts, A., Nabhan, D. C., Depot, A. M., Gabbett, T. J., McCall, A., Morin, J. B., Risso, F. G., & Malone, S. (2022). Impact of potential physiological changes due to COVID-19 home confinement on athlete health protection in elite sports: a call for awareness in sports programming. Sports Medicine, 52(6), 1417-1419.
Setiawan, A., Kurniawan, D., & Hadi, P. (2021). Pengembangan model latihan berbasis kekuatan untuk atlet muda Indonesia. Jurnal Keolahragaan, 9(2), 234-247.
Soligard, T., Schwellnus, M., Alonso, J. M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., Janse van Rensburg, C., Khan, K. M., Meeusen, R., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B. M., Raftery, M., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2020). How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(17), 1030-1041.
Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., Bellon, C. R., & Stone, M. H. (2021). The importance of muscular strength: Training considerations. Sports Medicine, 51(4), 765-791.
Sugimoto, D., Howell, D. R., Tocci, N. X., & Meehan, W. P. (2021). Risk factors associated with self-reported injury history in female youth soccer players. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 49(3), 329-334.
Tenforde, A. S., Kraus, E., & Fredericson, M. (2021). Bone stress injuries in runners. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 32(1), 191-203.
Verhagen, E., & Bolling, C. (2020). Protecting the health of the @hlete: how online technology may aid our common goal to prevent injury and illness in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(19), 1174-1178.
Welch, N., Richter, C., Franklyn-Miller, A., & Moran, K. (2022). Principal component analysis of the biomechanical factors associated with performance during cutting. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(5), 1392-1400.
Wijaya, M., & Kusuma, A. (2021). Analisis pola cedera pada mahasiswa fakultas ilmu keolahragaan dan kesehatan. Sport Science and Health, 3(2), 145-159.
Willy, R. W., Hoglund, L. T., Barton, C. J., Bolgla, L. A., Scalzitti, D. A., Logerstedt, D. S., Lynch, A. D., Snyder-Mackler, L., & McDonough, C. M. (2021). Patellofemoral pain: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability and health from the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 51(9), CPG1-CPG95.
Willems, T., Witvrouw, E., Delbaere, K., De Cock, A., & De Clercq, D. (2020). Relationship between gait biomechanics and inversion sprains: A prospective study of risk factors. Gait & Posture, 72(5), 126-131.
Yusuf, M., & Anwar, K. (2023). Evaluasi kesiapan fisik mahasiswa baru program studi kepelatihan olahraga. Jurnal Sporta Saintika, 8(1), 67-82.
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